1. Direct Cutover
2. Parallel Operation
3. Pilot Operation
4. Phased Operation

•  Direct cutover: This approach causes the changeover from the old system to the new system.

Benefits: Direct cutover method is the least expensive changeover method because the IT group has to operate and maintain only one system at a time.

Problems: Direct cutover method involves more risks than other changeover methods. Regardless of how thoroughly and carefully conduct testing and training, problems and difficulties can arise when the system goes into operation. Especially a system for a Health Centre is critical. Detecting minor errors also is more difficult with direct cutover because cannot verify current output by comparing it to the old system as well as live data typically occurs in much larger volumes than test data. In a Health Centre, system process can’t be abnormal and in direct changeover we cannot revert to the old system as a backup option.

Therefore direct changeover is not recommended for the Health Centre.

• Parallel Operation: In Parallel operation changeover method both new and old information systems operate fully for a specified period. Data is input to the both new and old systems, output generated by both systems is compared with the old system. When users, management, and the IT group are satisfied that the new system operates correctly, the old system is terminated.

Benefits: Parallel operation has lower risk. It keeps both old and new system simultaneously. If the new system does not work correctly, the company can use the old system as a backup. In this method easier to verify that the new system is working properly or not. Both the systems is compared and verified during parallel operation. It is very useful in critical systems at Health Centres.

Problems: The main problem with parallel changeover method is very expensive. Because both old and new systems are in full operation, the Health Centre pays for both systems and company might need temporary employees to handle extra work load.

•  Pilot Operation: Pilot operation changeover method implements the complete new system at a selected location of the company. During pilot operation, the old system continues to operate for the whole company, including pilot site. If the pilot site successful, then the remaining part of company uses direct changeover method. Therefore, pilot operation is combination parallel operation and direct cutover methods.

 Benefits: Pilot operation reduces the risk of system failure compared with direct cutover method. Operating both systems for only the pilot site is less expensive than a parallel operation for the entire Health Centre. Changeover period can be much shorter if the system proves successful at the pilot site.

 Problems: Pilot operation is a slow approach as compared to other methods.

•  Phased Operation: Phased operation changeover method allows implementing the new system in stages or modules. We can implement each subsystem by using other changeover methods.

Benefits: Benefits of the phased operation is the risk of errors or failures is limited to the implemented module only. It is less expensive than full parallel operation because it has to work only with one part of the system at a time.

Problems: It is step by step implementation; therefore changeover period can be longer than other methods.

Finally, above benefits and problems can occur when Health centre change from manual system into new computerized system. I recommend as Phased operation can be used for the Health Centre because it is reliable and risks of failures are limited as Health centre system is critical.

sol)The long term goal of both object oriented approach and traditional approach is the same in the organization development even thogh the implementation of procedures in both the approaches are diffrent.Both the approaches are generally used for software development process.

Name one way that the traditional and object-oriented approaches to information systems development are different. Explain how they are different

sol)Among all the fact finding techniques surveys and questionnaires are diffrent in both the approaches.This is mainly because in traditional approach getting more information is less when compared to object oriented approach which is quite flexible and in object oriented approach UML diagrams are drawn and in traditional approach system dfd’s are drawn.

Process name : Payment
Process number : 2
Purpose :To recieve payments and keep record of all due dates
Input Data Flows : DVD list, Membership fees, DVD rent fees
Output Data Flows : Invoice
Process description : This process accepts the payments from the customer. Keeps a track of due dates and provides receipts to the customer once the payment is taken

                                 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM OF VIDEO RENTAL SYSTEM

It is basically used to gather information or collect data.Fact finding generally consists of questions such as what,where,who,how and when within a system.Answers to the above questions gives us an overview of a process.It  plays an important role in SDLC.There are diffrent types of fact finding techniques,

1.Document Review

2.Observation

3.Questionnaires and Surveys

4.Sampling

5.Research

§  Document Review:

Reviewing is like refreshing one’s memory or looking at documents once again.By document review we can understand the working conditions of the current system. Therefore we can know what procedures or processes can be modified or eliminated.

So,by reviewing the document we can find out the answers for the following questions,

· What is the traditional approach to systems development?

· What is the object-oriented approach to systems development?

§  Observation:

Observation of the current working procedures in the system will help us in a better understanding of system procedures.It also provides the knowledge needed to test or install future changes and also all the inputs,outputs and processes involved.

Since observation focuses on the working of the system i don’t think it will help in finding answers to the questions.

Questionnaires and Surveys:

• Questionnaires are generally used to obtain information about wide range of topics from a large number of people.ex:reports recieved,job duties and difficulties.Questionnaires and surveys can be a valuble tool.So therefore it can be used to get answer for

What textbooks, journals and/or websites might be useful to search for articles about Comparing and contrasting the traditional and object-oriented approaches to systems development?

§  Sampling:

Sampling involves collecting data from actual documents,records,reports,operational logs,data entry,complaints summaries work requests and various types of forms.There are 3 diffrent t ypes of sampling techniques.They are systematic sampling,stratified sampling and random sampling.

As sampling involves colecting data,records etc i dont think this technique will help in finding answers to any questions.

§  Research:

Research is a very important fact- finding technique.Research can be done in diffrent ways such as internet,IT magazines,technical materials and books.

Therefore research technique can be used to find the answers to any of the questions.

 The current problems with the Pacific Tuna Watch Information System is the way they currently capture and store the data like :

       They are using different bits of software for storing types of data i.e for textual data they use MS word, for data to be kept in tabular form and graphs, they use MS excel etc.MS-Access as a stand-alone database with rudimentary functionality, graphics software for images, statistical analysis software for storing data (sometimes duplicate data) and performing statistical analysis.Data is stored in different software packages, they are not in a standardised format.

Therefore they cannot be shared easily and as well it is difficult to do any meaningful statistical analysis.

Data is recorded in different formats, the information that is stored is inconsistent, incomplete and in many cases duplicated.

Also, data is stored in different software packages, there is the technical problem of maintaining and updating software all the time to be able to continue to record, store and access the information needed In many cases the data stored are results of statistical calculations so information on individual data items is not recorded.

 2.) What information do you need to find out about the work of the Pacific Tuna Watch organisation to develop a detailed understanding of the current system?

 Pacific Tuna Watch organization makes decisions about sustainable offshore fisheries in the region which involves catching the tuna, tagging them and then releasing them back into the ocean.

Information about all tuna caught that were previously tagged is recorded.

Data for statistical analysis on stock levels and movement patterns is captured and stored.

Information gained from analysis is shared with those in charge of making decisions about sustainable tuna fisheries in the region.

 Tuna tagging information is shared with others who are doing research in this area.

Records are kept for project aid donors as evidence of activities carried out in the tuna tagging project. PTW has worked out a system for operating the tuna tagging project which basically consists of sending out a number of vessels on fishing trips to selected parts of the region. Each trip out to catch tuna is called a cruise. Information about the vessel making the cruise as well as members of the crew is recorded by the PTW team.

Moreover PTW has been storing data using diffrent bits of software,therfore it is very difficult to share information and do statistical analysis.There is also a technical problem of updating and maintaining the software at regular intervals.Finally,since the the data stored are the results of statistical calculations so the information on individual data items are not recorded.